Why are two witnesses who are women equivalent to only one witness who is a man?

Two Female Witnesses Not Always Considered Equal to One Male Witness
There are no less than three verses in the Qur’an which speak about witnesses without specifying man or woman.

a) While making a will of inheritance, two just persons are required as witnesses. In Surah Maidah, chapter 5, verse 106, the Glorious Qur’an says:

“Oh you who believe! When death approaches any of you, (take) witnesses among yourself when making bequests – two just persons of your own (brotherhood) or others from outside if you are journeying through the earth and the chance of death befalls you.” [Al-Qur’an 5:106]

b) Two persons endued with justice in case of talaq:
“And take for witness two persons from among you, endued with justice, and establish the evidence (as) before Allah.” [Al-Qur’an 65:2]

c) Four witnesses are required in case of charge against chaste women:
“And those who launch a charge against chaste women, and produce not four witnesses (to support their allegations) flog them with eighty stripes; and reject their evidence even after: for such men are wicked transgressors.” [Al-Qur’an 24:4]

Two Female Witnesses Equal to One Male Witness Only in Financial Transactions
It is not true that two female witnesses are always considered equal to only one male witness. It is true only in certain cases. There are about five verses in the Qur’an that mention witnesses without specifying male or female.

There is only one verse in the Qur’an that says two female witnesses are equal to one male witness. This verse is Surah Baqarah, chapter 2, verse 282. This is the longest verse in the Qur’an and deals with financial transactions. It says:

“Oh! ye who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligation in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing and get two witnesses out of your own men; and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her.” [Al-Qur’an 2:282]

This verse deals only with financial transactions. In such cases, it is advised to make an agreement in writing between the parties and take two witnesses, preferably both of whom should be men. In case you cannot find two men, then one man and two women would suffice.

For instance, suppose a person wants to undergo an operation for a particular ailment. To confirm the treatment, he would prefer taking references from two qualified surgeons.

In case he is unable to find two surgeons, his second option would be one surgeon and two general practitioners who are plain MBBS doctors.

Similarly, in financial transactions, two men are preferred. Islam expects men to be the breadwinners of their families.

Since financial responsibility is shouldered by men, they are expected to be well-versed in financial transactions as compared to women.

As a second option, the witness can be one man and two women, so that if one of the women errs, the other can remind her.
The Arabic word used in the Qur’an is ‘Tazil,’ which means ‘confused’ or ‘to err.’ Many have wrongly translated this word as ‘to forget.’ Thus, financial transactions constitute the only case in which two female witnesses are equal to one male witness.

Two Female Witnesses Equal to One Male Witness Even in the Case of Murder
However, some scholars are of the opinion that the feminine attitude can also have an effect on the witness in a murder case. In such circumstances, a woman is more terrified compared to a man. Due to her emotional condition, she can get confused.

Therefore, according to some jurists, even in cases of murder, two female witnesses are equivalent to one male witness. In all other cases, one female witness is equivalent to one male witness.

Qur’an Clearly Specifies that One Female Witness is Equal to One Male Witness
There are some scholars who are of the opinion that the rule of two female witnesses equal to one male witness should be applied to all cases.

This cannot be agreed upon because one particular verse of the Qur’an from Surah Noor, chapter 24, verse 6, clearly equates one female witness and one male witness:

“And those who launch a charge against their spouses, and have (in support) no evidence but their own – their solitary evidence can be received.” [Al-Qur’an 24:6]

Solitary Witness of Ayesha (May Allah be Pleased with Her) is Sufficient for Hadith to be Accepted
Ayesha (may Allah be pleased with her), the wife of the beloved Prophet, has narrated no less than 2220 Ahadith which are considered authentic based on her solitary evidence.

This is sufficient proof that one witness of a woman can also be accepted. Many jurists agree that even one witness of a woman is sufficient for the sighting of the crescent moon.

Imagine, one woman witness is sufficient for one of the pillars of Islam, i.e., fasting, and the whole Muslim community of men and women agree and accept her witness! Some jurists say that one witness is required at the beginning of Ramadan and two witnesses at the end of Ramadan. It makes no difference whether the witnesses are men or women.

Female Witnesses Are Preferred in Some Cases
Some incidents require only female witnesses and that of a male cannot be accepted. For instance, in dealing with the problems of women, while giving the burial bath, i.e., ‘ghusl’ to a woman, the witness has to be a woman.

The seeming inequality of male and female witnesses in financial transactions is not due to any inequality of the sexes in Islam. It is only due to the different natures and roles of men and women in society as envisaged by Islam.